Geomorphic histories for river and catchment management.

River and catchment management usually proceeds from the identification of an undesirable state (e.g. pollution, sedimentation, excessive water extraction, dams, invasion by exotic species) to a strategy for reaching a desirable state described as a target. Desirable states are usually determined from community values, economic assessments and ecosystem functions, or a combination of these. Where a catchment is highly disturbed, the target is usually not a natural state, as that cannot be achieved while maintaining human uses, and a history is needed to document the disturbance, understand its cause and define the 'existence space', that is, the range of natural states that have occurred in the past. Where a catchment is less disturbed, a former natural state could provide a target for management. But which of the many natural (equilibrium) states that have occurred in the past should be the target? The paper reviews what is known of the quantitative difference between pre- and post-disturbance states, searches for the presence or otherwise of equilibrium and comments on the utility of this information for catchment management. The focus is on erosion and sediment transport.